The NHEFS survey was designed to investigate the relationships between clinical,
nutritional, and behavioural factors assessed in the first National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey NHANES I and subsequent morbidity, mortality, and hospital utilization
as well as changes in risk factors, functional limitation, and institutionalization. For more information see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhefs/nhefs.
现在提到了代写服务,肯定很多人都不会觉得陌生,就算是国内也是有着专业代写作业的服务行业的,能够为有需求的学生提供很多的帮助,不过其实代写机构在国外会更获得学生的支持,这是因为国外的学校对于平时的作业要求比较严格,为了获得更高的分数顺利毕业,不少留学生就会让代写机构帮忙完成作业,比较常见的作业代写类型,就是计算机专业了,因为对于留学生来说这个技术对于Machine Learning或者AI的代码编程要求更高,所以找代写机构完成作业会简单轻松很多,那么代写机构的水平,要怎么选择才会比较高?
1、代写机构正规专业
不论是在什么情况下,选择正规合法经营的机构肯定是首要的操作,这也是为了避免自己在找机构的时候,出现上当受骗的现象,造成自己的经济出现损失,带来的影响还是非常大的,所以需要注意很多细节才可以,所以在这样的情况下,代写机构的选择,也要选择在经营方面属于正规合法的类型,这样才可以保证服务进行的时候,不会出现各种问题,也可以减少损失的出现,而且正规合法也是代写机构的合格基础。
2、代写机构编程能力
作业的难度相信很多人都很熟悉,特别是对于AI深度学习或者是人工神经网络这种算法来说,因为要对SVM、Design Tree、线性回归以及编程有很高的要求,可以说作业的完成要求非常高,因此才会带动代写机构的发展,找专业的代写机构,一般都是会有专业的人员帮忙进行作业的完成,因为这类型的作业对专业要求比较高,因此代写机构也要具备专业能力才可以,否则很容易导致作业的完成出现问题,出现低分的评价。
3、代写机构收费情况
现在有非常多的留学生,都很在意作业的完成度,为了保证作业可以顺利的被完成,要进行的相关操作可是非常多的,代写机构也是因为如此才会延伸出来的,在现在发展也很迅速,现在选择代写机构的时候,一定要重视收费情况的合理性,因为代写作业还是比较费精力的,而且对于专业能力要求也高,所以价格方面一般会收取几千元至万元左右的价格,但是比较简单的也只需要几百元价格。
4、代写机构完成速度
大部分人都很在意代写机构的专业能力,也会很关心要具备什么能力,才可以展现出稳定的代写能力,其实专业的代写机构,对于作业完成度、作业完成时间、作业专业性等方面,都是要有一定的能力的,特别是在完成的时间上,一定要做到可以根据客户规定的时间内完成的操作,才可以作为合格专业的代写机构存在,大众在选择的时候,也可以重视完成时间这一点来。
现在找专业的CS代写机构帮忙完成作业的代写,完全不是奇怪的事情了,而且专业性越强的作业,需要代写机构帮忙的几率就会越高,代写就发展很好,需求量还是非常高的,这也可以很好的说明了,这个专业的难度以及专业性要求,才可以增加代写机构的存在。
htm. This question will involve using this data to estimate the average causal effect
of smoking cessation on weight gain.
(a) Individuals were classified as treated if they reported, being smokers at baseline
in 1971-75, and having quit smoking in the 1982 survey. The latter implies that
the individuals included in our study did not die and were not otherwise lost to
follow-up between baseline and 1982 (otherwise they would not have been able
to respond to the survey). That is, we selected individuals into our study conditional on an event (responding to the 1982 survey) that occurred after the start of smoking cessation. If smoking cessation affects the probability of selection
into the study, we might have selection bias (Hernan, Robins, 2014 Chapter 12,
page 11).
Would a randomized experiment of smoking cessation have this problem? How
could a randomized experiment of smoking cessation be designed? What is
the major difference between the latter randomized experiment and this study
(NHEFS survey)?
(b) Should a statistician be concerned that using the NHEFS data to compare weight
loss in the group of subjects that quit smoking versus those that did not quit
smoking is biased? If yes then state why you think the comparison might be
biased, otherwise state why the comparison is unbiased.
(c) Use R to estimate the propensity score for each subject in the study. Use
the variables: sex, race, age, education.code, smokeintensity, smokers, exercise,
active, wt71 as covariates. After calculating the propensity score use the Match
function in R to match subjects on the propensity score. Does the balance
between the two groups improve after matching? Hand in your R code and
output.
(d) Estimate the effect of smoking cessation on weight loss using propensity score
matching? Did the propensity reduce the bias in estimating the treatment effect?
What assumption can make to conclude that smoking cessation causes weight
loss? Do you think this assumption is valid? Briefly explain. Hand in your R
code and output
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prop.model<-glm(qsmk~sex+race+age+education.code+smokeintensity+smokeyrs+exercise+active+wt71, family = binomial(), data = nhefshwdat)
对我们要对总体样本执行广义回归模型(logit回归),以是否戒烟为因变量,性别种族年龄教育程度等8个变量作为协变量,然后估计出每一个观测对象戒烟的概率是多少。
可以得到是否戒烟这个二元逻辑变量与其他协变量的线性回归关系。
nhefshwdat$p.qsmk.obs <- ifelse(qsmk == 0, 1 - predict(prop.model, type = "response"),
+ predict(prop.model, type = "response"))#用上一步得到的模型预测每一个观测对象的戒烟概率为多少,并赋值给p.qsmk.obs这个变量。
X <- prop.model$fitted#对nhefshwdat数据集中原始数据进行拟合
Y <- nhefshwdat$wt82_71#Y为观测对象从71年到82年的体重变化
Tr <-nhefshwdat$qsmk#Tr为观测对象是否戒烟
library(Matching)#读取Matching包
rr <-Match(Y=Y,Tr=Tr,X=X,M=1)#使用Match命令,对于每个戒烟的观测对象,找出一个与之具有最接近的概率值的,可是抽烟的观测对象,使得任何戒烟的观察对象的对照对象都具有唯一性,换言之,只能1对1匹配。观测他们的体重变化差异。
summary(rr)#
关于分析师
LE PHUONG
在此对LE PHUONG对本文所作的贡献表示诚挚感谢,她在山东大学完成了计算机科学与技术专业的硕士学位,专注数据分析、数据可视化、数据采集等。擅长Python、SQL、C/C++、HTML、CSS、VSCode、Linux、Jupyter Notebook。